<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><article article-type="editorial" xml:lang="en">
   <front>
      <journal-meta>
         <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PALEVO</journal-id>
         <issn>1631-0683</issn>
         <publisher>
            <publisher-name>Elsevier</publisher-name>
         </publisher>
      </journal-meta>
      <article-meta>
         <article-id pub-id-type="pii">S1631-0683(16)30119-1</article-id>
         <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.crpv.2016.10.001</article-id>
         <article-categories>
            <subj-group subj-group-type="type">
               <subject>Editorial</subject>
            </subj-group>
            <series-title>Editorial</series-title>
         </article-categories>
         <title-group>
            <article-title>The <italic>Comptes rendus Palevol</italic> also publishes neontological, evolutionary studies</article-title>
            <trans-title-group xml:lang="fr">
               <trans-title>Les <italic>Comptes rendus Palevol</italic> publient aussi des études néontologiques évolutives</trans-title>
            </trans-title-group>
         </title-group>
         <contrib-group content-type="authors">
            <contrib contrib-type="author">
               <name>
                  <surname>Laurin</surname>
                  <given-names>Michel</given-names>
               </name>
               <email>michel.laurin@mnhn.fr</email>
            </contrib>
            <aff-alternatives id="aff0005">
               <aff> UMR 7207, Centre de recherches sur la paléobiodiversité et les paléoenvironnements, Sorbonne Universités, CNRS/MNHN/UPMC, Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, département « Histoire de la Terre », bâtiment de géologie, case postale 48, 57, rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France</aff>
               <aff>
                  <institution>UMR 7207, Centre de recherches sur la paléobiodiversité et les paléoenvironnements, Sorbonne Universités, CNRS/MNHN/UPMC, Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, département « Histoire de la Terre », bâtiment de géologie</institution>
                  <addr-line>case postale 48, 57, rue Cuvier</addr-line>
                  <city>Paris cedex 05</city>
                  <postal-code>75231</postal-code>
                  <country>France</country>
               </aff>
            </aff-alternatives>
         </contrib-group>
         <pub-date-not-available/>
         <volume>16</volume>
         <issue>1</issue>
         <issue-id pub-id-type="pii">S1631-0683(16)X0008-5</issue-id>
         <fpage seq="0" content-type="normal">1</fpage>
         <lpage content-type="normal">4</lpage>
         <history>
            <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2016-10-06"/>
            <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2016-10-07"/>
         </history>
         <permissions>
            <copyright-statement>© 2016 Académie des sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement>
            <copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
            <copyright-holder>Académie des sciences</copyright-holder>
         </permissions>
         <self-uri xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" content-type="application/pdf" xlink:href="main.pdf">
                        Full (PDF)
                    </self-uri>
      </article-meta>
   </front>
   <body>
      <sec id="sec0005">
         <title id="sect0005">Éditorial</title>
         <p id="par0040">Certains lecteurs seront surpris de remarquer que ce fascicule inclut un article purement néontologique (<xref rid="bib0145" ref-type="bibr">Smith et al., 2017</xref>). En fait, s’ils s’aventurent à parcourir divers fascicules antérieurs, ils remarqueront que les <italic>C. R. Palevol</italic> ont régulièrement publié des articles avec peu ou pas de contenu paléontologique (<xref rid="fig0005" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1</xref>), spécialement dans des fascicules thématiques (e.g., <xref rid="bib0080" ref-type="bibr">Laurin et Cubo, 2016</xref>). Ceci ne résulte pas d’un relâchement périodique de notre politique éditoriale. Au contraire, le domaine des <italic>C. R. Palevol</italic> fut conçu dès l’origine comme comprenant à la fois la paléontologie et la biologie évolutive, spécialement (mais pas exclusivement) la macroévolution. Ceci fut brièvement expliqué dans l’éditorial inaugural publié dans les <italic>C. R. Palevol</italic>, dans lequel <xref rid="bib0045" ref-type="bibr">Dercourt et al. (2002)</xref> présentèrent deux nouvelles séries de <italic>Comptes rendus</italic>, <italic>Geoscience</italic> et <italic>Palevol</italic>, et expliquèrent que « la seconde traitera de la paléontologie et des sciences de l’Évolution. » Ceci est justifié par le fait que le registre fossile fournit des informations importantes sur plusieurs phénomènes évolutifs, comme les tendances (e.g., <xref rid="bib0010" ref-type="bibr">Bokma et al., 2016</xref>) et patrons évolutifs, ces derniers comprenant les événements d’extinctions de masse (e.g., <xref rid="bib0005" ref-type="bibr">Arens et West, 2008</xref>), les radiations évolutives (e.g., <xref rid="bib0025" ref-type="bibr">Brusatte et al., 2011</xref> ; <xref rid="bib0040" ref-type="bibr">de Wever et David, 2015</xref>), et les modèles évolutifs (e.g., <xref rid="bib0050" ref-type="bibr">Edlredge et Gould, 1972</xref>). Il est donc intéressant de confronter les données paléontologiques et néontologiques portant sur les mêmes questions. De plus, la compréhension du présent est la clé d’une bonne compréhension du passé, une idée qui fut proposée par James <xref rid="bib0070" ref-type="bibr">Hutton (1795)</xref> pour la géologie, mais qui est également vraie en ce qui concerne la biologie ; il serait impossible de bien reconstituer les écosystèmes du passé sans une bonne connaissance des écosystèmes actuels (e.g., <xref rid="bib0120" ref-type="bibr">Schultze, 2009</xref>), et même des questions bien plus simples ayant trait à la fonction des structures dans des organismes éteints doivent idéalement être abordées par l’étude du fonctionnement de celles-ci dans les taxons actuels (e.g., <xref rid="bib0105" ref-type="bibr">Pouydebat et al., 2008</xref>).</p>
         <p id="par0045">Malgré la parution régulière d’un nombre limité d’articles néontologiques dans les <italic>C. R. Palevol</italic> et l’énoncé explicite des domaines couverts par la revue dans <xref rid="bib0045" ref-type="bibr">Dercourt et al. (2002)</xref>, des conversations avec plusieurs collègues au fil des ans révélèrent que plusieurs d’entre eux ignoraient que de tels articles pouvaient y être publiés. Cet éditorial tente de dissiper cette idée. Comme on le verra ci-dessous, plusieurs de ces articles incluent une courte section paléobiologique, mais d’autres n’en comportent pas ; cette revue couvre les deux types d’articles.</p>
         <p id="par0050">Plusieurs types d’articles néontologiques furent publiés dans les <italic>C. R. Palevol</italic>. Certains établirent des corrélations entre caractères pouvant être observés chez des taxons actuels et éteints et d’autres, d’intérêt paléontologique mais typiquement non observables directement sur les fossiles. En utilisant cette méthode, <xref rid="bib0090" ref-type="bibr">Moine et Rousseau (2002)</xref> établirent un modèle d’inférence thermique fondé sur les mollusques terrestres, qui leur permit d’inférer les paléotempératures dans le dernier âge glaciaire (130 000 à 10 000 ans BP) dans la séquence d’Achenheim en Alsace.</p>
         <p id="par0055">Naturellement, plusieurs contributions néontologiques décrivirent la morphologie, le développement ou l’histologie du squelette des vertébrés, incluant des humains (e.g., <xref rid="bib0055" ref-type="bibr">García Gil et al., 2016</xref>), souvent pour améliorer des inférences paléobiologiques (e.g., <xref rid="bib0030" ref-type="bibr">Carayon et al., 2015</xref>). Cependant, d’autres abordèrent des questions fondamentales (et fascinantes) sur l’histologie osseuse, telles que les relations entre la densité et la surface des logettes ostéocytaires et la taille corporelle chez les humains (<xref rid="bib0020" ref-type="bibr">Bromage et al., 2016</xref>), ou l’enregistrement de la croissance dans les os des ruminants (<xref rid="bib0075" ref-type="bibr">Jordana et al., 2016</xref>) ou de l’âne sauvage d’Asie (<xref rid="bib0095" ref-type="bibr">Nacarino-Meneses et al., 2016</xref>), sans tenter pour autant d’applications paléobiologiques immédiates. Les articles fonctionnels incluent une étude sur la relation entre la morphologie temporale et les mouvements du cou chez les tortues (<xref rid="bib0130" ref-type="bibr">Werneburg, 2015</xref>).</p>
         <p id="par0060">D’autres articles portent sur des questions théoriques et l’histoire des sciences. Ainsi, certains participèrent au débat sur les opinions de Darwin au sujet de la sélection sexuelle et des structures étranges qu’elles peuvent produire chez certains taxons (<xref rid="bib0015" ref-type="bibr">Borkovic et Russell, 2014</xref> ; <xref rid="bib0100" ref-type="bibr">Padian et Horner, 2014</xref>). Même si ce débat fut déclenché par une différence d’interprétation de structures crâniennes de dinosaures du Mésozoïque, les articles se focalisèrent sur des questions relevant de la théorie évolutive plutôt que sur des taxons spécifiques. La théorie et la pratique de la phylogénétique furent également discutées par quelques articles. Ainsi, <xref rid="bib0085" ref-type="bibr">Li (2013)</xref> a fourni un critère fondé sur la cohérence des résultats pour évaluer les stratégies de recherches d’arbres phylogénétiques. Même l’analyse à trois éléments, qui a généré d’intenses controverses, a été discutée dans la revue (<xref rid="bib0135" ref-type="bibr">Zaragüeta-Bagils et Bourdon, 2007</xref> ; <xref rid="bib0140" ref-type="bibr">Zaragüeta-Bagils et al., 2012</xref>). Il semble que nous ayons eu raison de publier sur cette méthode trop souvent décriée, car les dernières études par simulation suggèrent qu’elle fonctionne mieux que la parcimonie non ordonnée pour des données intrinsèquement ordonnées (<xref rid="bib0060" ref-type="bibr">Grand et al., 2013</xref>). Pourtant, la plupart des études phylogénétiques récentes fondées sur des données phénotypiques ont utilisé la parcimonie non ordonnée, même pour des données intrinsèquement ordonnées (<xref rid="bib0110" ref-type="bibr">Rineau et al., 2015</xref>, p. 131).</p>
         <p id="par0065">Les contributions en biologie moléculaire et en génomique furent moins nombreuses. Parmi celles-ci, <xref rid="bib0035" ref-type="bibr">Damerval et Manuel (2003)</xref> décrivirent des duplications convergentes de facteurs de transcription chez des angiospermes, alors que <xref rid="bib0065" ref-type="bibr">Hernandez-Lopez et al. (2013)</xref> suggérèrent que la phase initiale de la radiation évolutive des Neoaves fut caractérisée par beaucoup d’hybridation ou un tri incomplet des lignées. <xref rid="bib0115" ref-type="bibr">Sauquet (2013)</xref> a fourni un excellent guide pratique sur les méthodes de datation moléculaire.</p>
         <p id="par0070">Cette brève revue est loin d’être exhaustive ; elle ne fournit que quelques exemples pour montrer une partie de la diversité d’articles néontologiques publiés dans les <italic>C. R. Palevol</italic>. Ceci devrait aider à réfuter la fausse impression, présente chez certains auteurs, que notre journal est une revue strictement paléontologique.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec0010">
         <title id="sect0010">Editorial</title>
         <sec>
            <p id="par0005">Some readers will be surprised to notice that this issue includes a purely neontological paper (<xref rid="bib0145" ref-type="bibr">Smith et al., 2017</xref>). Actually, by glancing at various past issues, they will notice that the journal <italic>C. R. Palevol</italic> has regularly published papers that have little or no paleontological content (<xref rid="fig0005" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1</xref>), especially in thematic issues (e.g., <xref rid="bib0080" ref-type="bibr">Laurin and Cubo, 2016</xref>). This is not the result of an episodic relaxation of our editorial policy. On the contrary, the scope of the <italic>C. R. Palevol</italic> was originally conceived as encompassing both paleontology and evolutionary biology, especially (though not exclusively) dealing with macroevolution. This was briefly explained in the inaugural editorial published in the <italic>C.</italic> <italic>R. Palevol</italic>, in which <xref rid="bib0045" ref-type="bibr">Dercourt et al. (2002)</xref> presented two new series of the <italic>Comptes rendus</italic>, <italic>Geoscience</italic> and <italic>Palevol</italic>, and explained that: “the latter deals with Palaeontology and Evolutionary Sciences.” This is justified by the fact that the fossil record provides critical information for many evolutionary phenomena, such as evolutionary trends (e.g., <xref rid="bib0010" ref-type="bibr">Bokma et al., 2016</xref>) and patterns, encompassing mass extinction events (e.g., <xref rid="bib0005" ref-type="bibr">Arens and West, 2008</xref>), evolutionary radiations (e.g., <xref rid="bib0025" ref-type="bibr">Brusatte et al., 2011</xref> and <xref rid="bib0040" ref-type="bibr">de Wever and David, 2015</xref>), and evolutionary models (e.g., <xref rid="bib0050" ref-type="bibr">Eldredge and Gould, 1972</xref>). Thus, it can be interesting to confront paleontological and neontological data bearing on the same issues. Equally important is the fact that understanding the present is key to understanding the past, an idea that was proposed by James <xref rid="bib0070" ref-type="bibr">Hutton (1795)</xref> for geology, but which is equally true of biology; it would be impossible to accurately reconstruct past ecosystems without a thorough knowledge of the extant ones (e.g., <xref rid="bib0120" ref-type="bibr">Schultze, 2009</xref>), and even much simpler questions concerning the function of a structure in an extinct organism are best tackled by studying how similar structures work in extant taxa (e.g., <xref rid="bib0105" ref-type="bibr">Pouydebat et al., 2008</xref>).</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p id="par0010">Despite the regular publication of a limited number of neontological papers in the <italic>C. R. Palevol</italic> and the explicit statement on the scope of the journal in <xref rid="bib0045" ref-type="bibr">Dercourt et al. (2002)</xref>, informal conversations with several colleagues over the years have revealed that many of them were unaware of the fact that such papers could be published in the journal. This editorial attempts at fixing this misconception. As will be seen below, many such papers include a short paleobiological section, but some do not; this survey includes both kinds of papers.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p id="par0015">Several types of neontological papers have been published in the <italic>C. R. Palevol</italic>. Some established correlations between characters that can be observed in extant and extinct taxa and other characters of interest in paleontology, but typically unobservable in fossils. Using such a method, <xref rid="bib0090" ref-type="bibr">Moine and Rousseau (2002)</xref> established a thermal inference model based on terrestrial mollusks that allowed them to infer paleotemperatures in the last ice age (130,000 to 10,000 years BP) in the Achenheim sequence (Alsace).</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p id="par0020">Naturally, many neontological papers described the morphology, development, function, or histology of the skeleton of extant vertebrates, including humans (e.g., <xref rid="bib0055" ref-type="bibr">García Gil et al., 2016</xref>), often to improve paleobiological inferences (e.g., <xref rid="bib0030" ref-type="bibr">Carayon et al., 2015</xref>). However, others addressed basic (yet fascinating) questions on bone histology, such as the relationship between osteocyte lacuna density or area and body size in humans (<xref rid="bib0020" ref-type="bibr">Bromage et al., 2016</xref>), or the growth record visible in extant ruminant bones (<xref rid="bib0075" ref-type="bibr">Jordana et al., 2016</xref>) and in the Asiatic wild ass (<xref rid="bib0095" ref-type="bibr">Nacarino-Meneses et al., 2016</xref>), without attempting any immediate paleontological application. Functional papers include a study of the relationship between temporal morphology and neck motion in turtles (<xref rid="bib0130" ref-type="bibr">Werneburg, 2015</xref>).</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p id="par0025">Other papers focused on theoretical issues and the history of science. Thus, some participated in a debate about Darwin's views about sexual selection and the strange structures that it can produce in some taxa (<xref rid="bib0015" ref-type="bibr">Borkovic and Russell, 2014</xref> and <xref rid="bib0100" ref-type="bibr">Padian and Horner, 2014</xref>). Even though this debate started from a difference in interpretation of cranial structures of some Mesozoic dinosaurs, the papers focused largely on issues relevant to evolutionary theory rather than on specific taxa. The theory and practice of phylogenetics has also been covered by a few papers. Thus, <xref rid="bib0085" ref-type="bibr">Li (2013)</xref> provides a coherence-based criterion to evaluate tree search strategies. Last but not least, the controversial three-taxon statement phylogenetic method has also been discussed in the journal (<xref rid="bib0135" ref-type="bibr">Zaragüeta-Bagils and Bourdon, 2007</xref> and <xref rid="bib0140" ref-type="bibr">Zaragüeta-Bagils et al., 2012</xref>). It seems that we made the right choice in publishing these papers because the latest simulation-based studies suggest that it works better than unordered parsimony, for intrinsically ordered data (<xref rid="bib0060" ref-type="bibr">Grand et al., 2013</xref>). Yet, most recent phylogenetic studies based on phenotypic data used unordered parsimony, even for such intrinsically ordered data (<xref rid="bib0110" ref-type="bibr">Rineau et al., 2015</xref>, p. 131).</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p id="par0030">Contributions on molecular biology and genomics are less numerous. Among these, <xref rid="bib0035" ref-type="bibr">Damerval and Manuel (2003)</xref> described convergent duplications of transcription factors in angiosperms, whereas <xref rid="bib0065" ref-type="bibr">Hernandez-Lopez et al. (2013)</xref> suggested that the initial phase of the evolutionary radiation of the Neoaves was characterized by much hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting. <xref rid="bib0115" ref-type="bibr">Sauquet (2013)</xref> provided an excellent practical guide to molecular dating.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <p id="par0035">This brief survey is far from exhaustive; it only provided a few examples showing part of the diversity of neontological papers published in the <italic>C. R. Palevol</italic>. This should hopefully help dispel the false impression, present among some authors, that the <italic>C. R. Palevol</italic> is an exclusively paleontological journal.</p>
         </sec>
      </sec>
   </body>
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   </back>
   <floats-group>
      <fig id="fig0005">
         <label>Fig. 1</label>
         <caption>
            <p id="spar0005">Number of papers containing little or no paleontology published in regular and special issues of the <italic>C. R. Palevol</italic> over the years. Note that most such papers have been published in special issues.</p>
         </caption>
         <caption xml:lang="fr">
            <p id="spar0010">Nombre d’articles contenant peu ou pas de paléontologie publiés dans des fascicules réguliers ou thématiques des <italic>C. R. Palevol</italic> au fil des ans. Notez que la plupart de ces articles ont été publiés dans des fascicules thématiques.</p>
         </caption>
         <graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="main.assets/gr1.jpg"/>
      </fig>
   </floats-group>
</article>